Glossary

A theoretical framework describing physical phenomena around black holes using a 4D torus structure that includes a spatial fourth dimension (W-axis)

Tensor describing geometric properties of 4D space. FORTH theory uses extended metric including W-axis component

Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. Contributes to black hole research with high-sensitivity, high-resolution radio observations

Global radio interferometry network. Achieves high-resolution observations near black hole event horizons

Innermost Stable Circular Orbit. Innermost orbit where matter can stably orbit around a black hole

Supermassive black hole at center of elliptical galaxy M87 in Virgo cluster. Mass 6.5×10⁹ solar masses, famous for powerful jet

Supermassive black hole at center of Milky Way galaxy. Mass 4.3×10⁶ solar masses, jet activity unclear due to low accretion rate

Four parameters (I, Q, U, V) that completely describe polarization state of electromagnetic waves. Fundamental quantities in polarization observations

Spatial fourth dimension orthogonal to 3D space (x, y, z). Plays roles in energy storage and jet direction determination

Phenomenon where matter temporarily disappears from 3D space when transiting the W-axis of 4D torus structure. Disappearance time given by Δt = 2πr/c

Black hole luminosity normalized by Eddington limit luminosity. Indicator of accretion activity strength

Efficiency of converting accretion energy to jet kinetic energy. FORTH theory predicts maximum 40%

Type of instability in helical magnetic field structure. Meandering instability occurring when turn number exceeds 2π

Relativistic jet velocity formula by FORTH theory: v/c = √(1-(r/R)²). Derived purely from geometric constraints

Radius of black hole event horizon. Gravitational radius defined as Rs = 2GM/c²

Electromagnetic radiation by relativistic charged particles in magnetic field. Has polarization properties and is main radiation mechanism for jet observations

Magnetic field component in circumferential direction of torus structure. Provides stable confinement as main field component

Inclination angle of helical magnetic field. Defined as α = arctan(r/R) and determined by torus geometric parameters

Rotation of polarization plane of electromagnetic waves propagating through magnetized plasma. Shows characteristic inverse-square frequency dependence

Magnetic field component within meridional plane of torus structure. Magnetic configuration contributing to jet formation

Factor for time dilation and length contraction in special relativity. Defined as γ = 1/√(1-v²/c²). In FORTH theory, γ ≈ R/r

Distance from torus center axis to tube center (R). Important parameter in determining jet velocity

Characteristic polarization signature arising from helical magnetic field structure. Shows 20-30% polarization degree and periodic polarization angle variation

Physical quantity representing strength of Faraday rotation. Proportional to integrated product of magnetic field strength and electron density

Quasi-periodic luminosity variation phenomenon observed in black hole accretion flows. Abbreviated as QPO

High-energy matter flow ejected at near-light speed from black hole vicinity. Explained by geometric acceleration mechanism in FORTH theory

Radius of the torus tube (r). Used in calculations of W-axis disappearance time and jet velocity

Right-handed helical magnetic field configuration generated by W-axis component. Characterized by pitch angle α = arctan(r/R)

Fundamental tensor describing geometric properties of spacetime. Defines distance and angle measurements

Time delay phenomenon in strong gravitational field. General relativistic effect, prominent near black holes

Disk-like distribution of matter formed around black holes. Releases gravitational energy and becomes material for jet formation

Mass of matter accreting onto black hole per unit time. Important parameter determining strength of jet activity